Are eastern and western monarch butterflies distinct populations? A review of evidence for ecological, phenotypic, and genetic differentiation and implications for conservation

First Author: 

  • Freedman

Type: 

  • Article

Year: 

2021

Source: 

  • Conservation Science and Practice

Category: 

  • Commentary or review

Full Reference: 

Freedman, MG, de Roode, JC, Forister, ML, et al. Are eastern and western monarch butterflies distinct populations? A review of evidence for ecological, phenotypic, and genetic differentiation and implications for conservation. Conservation Science and Practice. 2021; 3:e432. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.432

Online citation: 

Are eastern and western monarch butterflies distinct populations? A review of evidence for ecological, phenotypic, and genetic d

Field Definitions

First author: Last name of the first author
Type: Article or book chapter
Year: Publication year
Source: Journal or book
Category*: Broad scope of the publication.
Research topic (monarch & supporting research only)*: Specific topic.
Geographic focus*: Geographic setting for field studies.
Monitoring data used: Data from monitoring or public data efforts.
* Full list